Researchers believe that this evidence shows a great connection between learning, memory, sleeping, and dreaming. The volunteers that were not woken during the night and who were able to complete full sleep cycles, including REM sleep and dreaming, performed better than those people that were woken every so often through the night ( Stickgold, R., 2005). Some people were woken during the night, and some were not. The tests were explained to each volunteer, and then they went to sleep. The tasks were a visual texture test, a motor sequence test, and a motor adaptation test. In one particular experiment, three laboratories asked volunteers to perform three different tasks. There have been many experiments that show how important sleep and dreaming is when considering learning and memory. This makes sense since many of the dreams that people have often relate to parts of their everyday lives. This may be the way in which the brain stores, processes, and learns information. The dreams-for-survival theory is the idea that dreaming allows a person to process information from the day, and this is how a person learns and develops memories (Feldman, R., p. Behavioral psychologists support the idea that dreams are not memories, but instead a reaction to the individual's external environment. This will allow for a gradual reflection of how human behavior influences human dreams (Dixon, M. Skinner uses his operant and conditioning theories to describe dreaming.īehavioral psychologists that focus on dreaming emphasize the fact that behavior needs to be observed while awake and sleeping. Rapid eye movement that takes place during the REM stage of sleep is the result of “seeing” something and does not conclude that mental processes are taking place. Instead, he theorizes the dreams are seeing things in the absence of seen things.
Skinner, dreaming is neither a biological process nor a hidden wish or memory (Dixon, M. Most research that is done on dreaming is done on the “unconscious wish” or the “biological process,” however, those that take a behavioral approach to dreaming focus on the whole human organism and the behavior that is produced while dreaming. If one can alter the environment that is causing the behavior, then one could alter the behavior. This approach rejects the inner workings of the mind and focuses on the behavior that another can visually observe. The common idea is the behavior can be modified by modifying the environment. Those that take the behavioral approach agree with the idea that it is best to concentrate on behavior that can be observed (Feldman, R. In other words, dreams are a way for the mind to regain a sense of self-balance.
Kohut thought that these dreams were attempts by a healthier aspect of the self to regain a sense of balance through visual imagery” (Alperin, R., 2004). The portrayal is of an internal loss of balance due to overstimulation, a drop in self-esteem, or the threat of a breakdown of the self, and the self’s reaction ranging from fragmentation and panic to mild shifts in mood. “In self-state dreams, the self is depicted as being at the threshold of disorganization or in a state of disequilibrium. It also led to different theories that completely rejected the psychodynamic approach. It led to the creation of different theories by those that agreed with certain aspects of the psychodynamic approach. The psychodynamic approach opened up the door for further study of the topic. Many books have been published that try to help people figure out the meaning of a dream by listing the meanings that certain objects hold. It is believed that a person's thoughts, feelings, and memories are represented by concrete objects and symbols in a person's dreams.įor example, Freud and others believed that if a person dreamt about things such as climbing a stairway, flying, or walking down a hallway, the latent meaning is about sexual intercourse (Feldman, R, p.
Picking apart the manifest meaning would lead to a better understanding of the latent content of the dream (Alperin, 2004). Freud, and those who believed as he did, felt that a person's dreams were so unpleasant that the mind covered the true meaning by creating less threatening or manifest meanings.
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